Brain injury and SARS-CoV-2 infection: Bidirectional pathways

Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy; Ali I. . Al-Gareeb; Marta Chagas Monteiro; Hanan J. Al-Saiddy

doi:10.53517/CMDR.2581-5008.422020207

Hayder M. Al-Kuraishy Department of Biochemistry, Ponnaiyah Ramajayam Institute of Science and Technology, Chengalpattu, Tamil Nadu, India.
Ali I. . Al-Gareeb Department of Clinical Pharmacology, Medicine and Therapeutics, College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq.
Marta Chagas Monteiro Department of Clinical Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Federal University of Pará, Belém, Pará-66075-110, Brazil.
Hanan J. Al-Saiddy College of Medicine, Al-Mustansiriya University, P.O. Box 14132, Baghdad, Iraq

DOI: https://doi.org/10.53517/CMDR.2581-5008.422020207

Keywords: Hamelia patens Phytochemical test DPPH Antibacterial activity

Abstract

Coronavirus infection disease (COVID-19) is a recent pandemic infectious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2). COVID-19 is associated with different neurological manifestations, as one-third of COVID-19 patients have some neurological disorders, including paraesthesia, headache, cold extremities and disturbances of consciousness, that are more evident in severely affected patients. The entry of SARS-CoV-2 into human host cells is mediated mainly by the cellular receptor angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2), which is expressed at very low levels in the CNS under normal conditions. The dissemination of COVID-19 in the systemic circulation or across the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone during an early or later phase of the infection can lead to cerebral involvement as has been reported in the past for SARS-CoV affected patients. COVID‐19‐related CNS dysfunction results from direct viral injury, indirect consequences of immune‐mediated disease, systemic effects of infection, or local effects of the virus is still a matter of debate and these hypotheses are not mutually exclusive.