https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IARJACC <p>“<strong>IAR Journal of Anesthesiology and Critical Care</strong>” Abbreviated Key Title:&nbsp;<em>IAR J Anesthesiol Crit Care</em><em>.&nbsp;</em>;&nbsp;<strong>ISSN Online: 2709-1880 &amp; ISSN Print: 2709-1872&nbsp;</strong>is monthly, peer reviewed, open access Academic and Research Journal which publishes Full Length Original Research Articles, Review, Essays, Short Communications, Case Studies, editorial comments etc in the fields of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care.</p> <p>This Journal publishes in all major disciplines and sub disciplines under-&nbsp;<strong><em>Anaesthesiology and Critical Care like-&nbsp;</em></strong>in clinical specialties of Anaesthesia, Intensive Care, and Emergency Medicine like Anesthetic administration, Pain management, Pharmacokinetics, Preoperative and postoperative considerations, Perioperative care, Critical care, Pediatric anesthesia, Obstetric anesthesia, Veterinary anaesthesia, Clinical and experimental research, Anesthetic mechanisms, Administration and efficacy, Technology and monitoring etc...</p> International Academic & Research Consortium en-US IAR Journal of Anaesthesiology and Critical Care 2709-1872 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IARJACC/article/view/10114 Introduction: Pain from propofol injection can be severe and distressing in some patients. Various methods and agents has been used to alleviate this pain. One of the agents is ketamine which has been used in different sub-anaesthetic doses to reduce propofol injection pain in comparison with different agents. None of the studies till date have used ketamine in dose less than 0.1 mg/kg. The aim of the present study was to compare ketamine in doses of 0.05 and 0.1 mg /kg to attenuate propofol injection pain. Material and Method: 48 ASA I and II adult patients undergoing different elective surgical procedures under general anaesthesia were randomised into 3 groups of 16 patients each. Group A patients received ketamine 0.05 mg/kg in 2 ml while group B patients received ketamine 0.1mg/kg in 2ml. Group C patients served as placebo control and were administered 2ml 0.9% normal saline intravenously. The venous drainage was occluded manually by rubber tourniquet at mid-arm. Subsequently the study drug or the placebo was administered as per group allocation. One minute later, 25 % of calculated propofol induction dose was injected over 5 seconds. VAS score for pain of propofol injection was assessed at 0, 1 and 2 minutes after the propofol injection. Thereafter, general anaesthesia technique was continued as per standard technique giving the remaining 75% of propofol. Patient’s heart rate and blood pressure were recorded at 0, 1 and 2 minutes after the administration of 25% of the calculated dose of propofol. Any evidence of hallucination was observed in the recovery room. Results: Demographic profile and the ASA grade of the patients in the 3 groups was uniformly distributed. The mean VAS score for pain perception in group B patients at 1 and 2 minutes was 0.56 and 1.06 respectively. In contrast, the mean VAS for pain was 3.88 and 5.06 at 1 and 2 minutes respectively in group C. The VAS score of patients belonging to group A was closer to that seen in group B patients. This difference in VAS score was statistically highly significant between the groups at 1 and 2 minutes. A significant fall in systolic blood pressure was noted at 2 minutes after administering 25% of the propofol induction dose in all the 3 groups. In contrast, no significant changes were noted at one minute when compared to baseline. There was insignificant fall in the heart rate at 1 and 2 minutes following the administration of 25 % propofol in group A and B. In contrast, an insignificant rise in heart rate was noted at 1 and 2 minutes in group C. Conclusion: The results of this study demonstrate that 0.01 mg/kg of ketamine administered one minute prior to propofol injection is effective and superior to 0.05 mg / kg of ketamine in relieving propofol injection pain without any side effects. Amal Hilal Sulaiman Al Mamari Abdullah Al Jadidi Rashid M Khan Naresh K Kaul ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 3 02 19 23 10.47310/iarjacc.2022.v03i02.003 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IARJACC/article/view/10115 The study was conducted on the ground covers in Sulaymaniyah district, northeastern Iraq located between longitudes (45°0'0"E) (45°20'0"E) and latitudes (35°50'0"N) (36°50'0"N), Remote sensing and GIS techniques were used, using Sentinel-2 satellite image data, with a spatial resolution of 10 meters. The results of the study showed that there are six ground covers: (Shrub and Grassland and natural pastures and agricultural areas ranked first, followed by rocky lands and barren lands, sparse vegetation covers, urban areas, dense vegetation cover, which form part of coniferous forests, and water). And in percentages (24%, 22%, 17%, 14%, 10.9% and 10.2%) respectively. Overall accuracy of 86% and Kappa Coefficient 0.82. These results are consistent with the reality of the study area. Mahdi Hadi Mohsen ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 3 02 13 18 10.47310/iarjacc.2022.v03i02.002 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IARJACC/article/view/10116 The purpose of this placebo-controlled, double-blind study was to see how magnesium sulphate and clonidine affected perioperative hemodynamics, propofol consumption, and postoperative recovery. Ninety ASA I–II patients undergoing elective laparoscopic surgery were randomized into three groups. Group M Patients received Inj. magnesium sulphate (40mg/kg) in 20 ml saline infused over a period of 15 minutes before induction. Group C received Patients received Inj. Clonidine (3mcg/kg) before induction. The Group S (Control group) received 20ml normal saline over 15mind before induction. Propofol was used for induction of anaesthesia and for maintenance propofol infusion was used which was adjusted as per bispectral index along with intermittent fentanyl bolus and vecuronium as muscle relaxant According to type of data, different tests of statistical significance like Chi-square test, Kruskal Wallis test and one-way ANOVA were used. In the presence of magnesium sulphate and clonidine, propofol induction was rapid. The time it took for BIS to reach 60 was significantly shorter in groups M and C (P0.0001), and compared to clonidine and control group post-operative recovery was more delayed in magnesium sulphate group (P0.0001). There was no statistically significant difference between the groups in heart rate or arterial blood pressure. Preoperative use of magnesium sulphate and clonidine resulted in significant reduction in propofol requirements for induction as well as for maintenance (P0.0001).To conclude use of magnesium sulphate caused delayed recovery and hypotension and bradycardia was observed with clonidine, but both can be used as adjuvants with caution. Deepak C. Koli T. S Patil S. P. Manjrekar ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-04-30 2022-04-30 3 02 1 12 10.47310/iarjacc.2022.v03i02.001