Indian Journal of Applied Microbiology

Optimization of medium and media components for maximum biomass of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1 using Response Surface Methodology

2023-09-13T12:52:08+00:00

Often, biotechnological advances are hindered by low growth rate of microorganisms utilized in the process, making optimal design of culture media a crucial aspect to consider in the biotechnology field. Materials and Method: Optimization of media components for growth and biomass production of Halobacterium salinarum NRC-1, our organism of interest, was carried out using response surface methodology, a statistical approach to optimize and improve the performance of a process by analyzing the relationships between input variables and output responses. A linear model was estimated and media components were determined based on the linear regression equation generated by the model. The variables chosen were casein enzyme hydrolysate, yeast extract, arginine, and peptone. Results & Discussion: An optimum result for the four variables was predicted based on the experimental response, which is 7.5 g/L of casein enzyme hydrolysate and yeast extract each, and 5.0 g/L each of peptone and arginine. The optimized medium reduced the time required for the cell culture to attain stationary phase, and showed a significant increase in the amount of biomass obtained as compared with that in standard media.

Revisiting SARS-CoV-2: Evolution, polymorphism and compatibility with human tRNA pool in a lineage over a month

2023-09-13T12:49:43+00:00

Introduction: The present study presents a comparative analysis of SARS-CoV-2‟s survival capacity in its human host in an area within a month. Materials and Methods: Codon usage bias study has been carried using Emboss package and evolutionary study has been carried using pn/ps packages in python and R for statistical analysis. Results: The virus has overlapping genes exhibiting a high codon usage bias and optimization with human Lung housekeeping genes. Viral ORFs have near values of minimum folding energies and codon adaptation index with mRNAs of the human Lung housekeeping genes. Then too, viruses showed a greater expression capacity. Polymorphism is in the virus for ORF1ab, surface glycoprotein and nucleocapsid phosphoprotein ORFs. Non-synonymous mutations have shown non-polar substitutions. Out of the twelve mutations nine are for a higher t-RNA copy number. Synonymous mutation simulation mimicking evolution revealed fitter newer strains. Conclusion: Through this study we have explained the inherent codon adaptation of SARS-CoV-2 with human tRNA pool and how the virus shows polymorphism in-order to keep up with its infectious capacity. Hence, giving an insight into viral rapid adaptability.

Lipase production by three thermophilic fungi

2023-09-13T12:52:33+00:00

Production of lipases by three thermophilic fungi, Thermomyces lanuginosus, Talaromyces luteus and Rhizomucor pusillus was investigated, influence of substratum, pH, temperature, carbon and nitrogen sources on lipase production was also studied. All the three fungi under study produced good amount of lipase constitutively. Lipase production was maximum at 45oC and it was thermostable.

Probiosimilarity Study: A Comprehensive Approach to Compare the Attributes of Marketed Probiotics Containing Bacillus clausii

2023-09-13T12:50:56+00:00

Background: Probiotics are widely accepted functional foods for general well-being and a healthy lifestyle. A robust approach to evaluate the bio-similarities between marketed probiotics still needs to be developed. Aim: We aimed to define an approach that uses time-tested methods to evaluate pro-biosimilarity between different marketed probiotics. Methods: A total of five different Bacillus clausii formulations were compared with the international reference standard Enterogermina. The spore quantity and microbial purity of the samples were estimated. The antibiotic resistance strains in oral suspension samples were isolated and subjected to molecular characterization by 16S rRNA sequencing. The antibiotic susceptibility test was performed using commercially available antibiotics. The pH and transmittance of the samples were measured. Results: Bifilac Clausi had the highest, while Entromax had the lowest density of quality spores. None of the products had contaminant pathogenic microorganisms. Based on 16S rRNA sequencing, four strains from Bifilac Clausi and Enterogermina and one strain from other samples were identified. The identity of the strains from Bifilac Clausi matched those of Enterogermina. Bifilac Clausi and Enterogermina were resistant to the ten antibiotics tested. Conclusions: Among the different Indian brands of Bacillus clausii, only Bifilac Clausi was found to be a pro- biosimilar to the international reference standard, Enterogermina.