https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV <p>This journal is published to expand the academic activities and spread the knowledge, ideas and latest research in the field of ethics, trauma, and victimology. This journal publishes original research papers, reviewarticles, case reports, letters to the editor and review of books on ethics, trauma, and victimology.&nbsp; This journal covers the various aspects of ethics, evidence-based medical ethics, ethical dilemmas and various dynamic issues related to ethics. It also covers the ethical issues related to Forensic Nursing Science, Forensic Odontology, and Forensic Psychiatry.</p> Forensic Way Out en-US INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ETHICS, TRAUMA AND VICTIMOLOGY 2394-6822 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9007 Forensic physicians, gynecologists, forensic nurses, emergency medical officers and other doctors are coming across victims of violence and they need to know the basics of victimology. They need to know how to deal with them to recognize the investigative, therapeutic, judicial, social and cultural needs of the victims. They should know that victims have the right. A brief exploration of the various aspects of victimology which can be useful to the medical stakeholders is being introduced and discussed in this paper. Starting from the history of victimology to the various theories of its origin, victim's rights, victimology ethics, and the financial burden on the society are being discussed in this paper so that medical professionals can get aware of these aspects of victimology and ultimately this knowledge can guide and help them to deal with the victims rightfully. Rakesh K. Gorea ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 1 5 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9008 Introduction: Humans are sexually dimorphic. Identification of remnants of skeletal and decomposing parts of humans is one of the most difficult skills in forensic medicine. Forensic anthropologists can receive whole or fragmented skeletal remains. But the unique thing is that the maxillary sinus is intact within the skull, so maxillary sinus radiography is being used to identify remains and determine gender. Materials and Method: A total of 51 adult digital lateral cephalometric radiographs (20 males and 31 females) were included in the study. The maxillary sinus analysis was performed by measuring the height and width of these digital lateral cephalometric radiographs using measurement tools of Sidexis4 software. Maxillary sinus index was calculated, discriminant function analysis performed, and discriminant equation derived for determination of gender. Results: Comparison of maxillary sinus parameters (height and width) between male and female groups showed statistically insignificant differences in this study. Regression analysis is done and an equation is derived, which will aid in the prediction of gender by substituting the values of specific measurements in the equation. Arjun Kundu Dhwani Patel Dharmesh Silajiya ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 6 9 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9009 Background: Postmortem interval estimation is an important tool in forensic medicine. Estimating time since death is extremely important in cases where there is doubt about the period of death. After death, many changes occur in a regular sequence and can be used to arrive at an approximate time since death. When a post-mortem is conducted, doctor conducting the post-mortem examination has to give his opinion about post-mortem interval i.e. the probable time that elapsed between death and post-mortem examination even in cases of decomposed dead bodies. While giving this opinion, we always think we should have some other dependable methods to be more accurate in answering this question. Algor mortis, Rigor mortis, and Livor mortis have been the basis for ascertaining the post-mortem interval collectively. Among them, Rigor Mortis is an important indicator of post-mortem interval. Although it is a dependable tool for estimating post-mortem interval, it is influenced by many endogenous and exogenous factors like nature of death, nature of the body, temperature, humidity etc. Time of death is almost always asked by investigating authorities to connect the crime with criminals. Determining the death time has always been a topic of keen interest amongst forensic pathologists from its inception to date. Many workers in forensic medicine have tried to investigate to determine the time of death based on post mortem findings. To date, it is still an important and fascinating criterion to ascertain the time since death. With this study, we aimed to demonstrate the intricacies of Rigor Mortis with fluctuating temperature and humidity of the local region. We planned to estimate and compare the post-mortem interval based on Rigor Mortis in different body muscles. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in the Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology at G.G.S. Medical College, Faridkot after taking clearance from the institutional ethics committee. Thirty medico-legal autopsy cases were included in the study where the exact time of death was known and included only hospital deaths. The relatives of the deceased were explained the purpose and nature of the study and provided with the patient information sheet and informed consent was taken. The details of the cases were noted from the hospital bed head ticket, relative interview and the police inquest papers. The exact temperature and humidity were noted at the start of autopsy using a digital hygrometer. Results: A total of 30 cases were observed out of which males outnumbered the females by approximately 3:1. Maximum cases consisted of Roadside Accidents (43.3%) followed by poisoning, assault and hanging, in that order. The average temperatures during the study months varied from a maximum of 41.3°C (June) to a minimum of 33.7°C (July). The average humidity varied from a maximum of 62.6% (July) to a minimum of 29.3% (May). The average temperatures during the study months varied from a maximum of 41.3°C (June) and a minimum of 33.7°C (July). The average humidity during the study months varied from a maximum of 62.6 % (July) and a minimum of 29.3% (May). Fully established Rigor Mortis was observed at a minimum of 10 hours and a maximum of 29 hours in May and June. Rajiv Joshi Ashwini Kumar Gurjeet Singh Alwin Varghese Ravdeep Singh Harvinder S. Chhabra ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2021-12-31 2021-12-31 7 02 10 15 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9010 Background: Substances abuse is dangerous not only for health but also in the view of economic and social values. The habit of substance abuse becomes the cause of purposeless waste of money and affects health. This study was conducted to assess the effectiveness of a structured teaching program on knowledge regarding substances abuse among boys at selected senior secondary schools. Methodology: A pre-experimental pretest-posttest is used. The setting is at senior secondary schools Jalandhar. The sample includes 60 boys selected by a convenient sampling technique. The tool consisted: Part 1 demographic variables and part 2 structured knowledge questionnaire. The reliability of the tool was established by using the split-half method. Results: The study’s findings show that the mean score, median score and SD in the pre-test were 12.78, 12.5 and 2.92, respectively, whereas the mean score, median score, and SD in post-test were 22.58, 23 and 2.02, respectively. The calculated ‘t’ value was found to be 19.2 while the tabulated value of the ‘t’ at 0.05 level of significance is 1.645, which is lesser than the calculated ‘t’ value. It was safely assumed that STP had a definite impact on raising students’ knowledge of substances abuse. Jagwinder Singh Rajratan Gupta Reema J. Andrade ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-02-20 2022-02-20 7 02 16 22 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9011 Permanent facial scars cause serious trauma because the person has to live with a scar which s/he cannot easily hide. Conspicuous scar tissue will have a negative impact on psychology depending on how much importance they give to their appearance. Because of this reason, it is evaluated as an aggravated form of punishment in Turkish Criminal Law. In this study, image processing software was used for the quantitative analysis of facial scars. The scar photographs were taken, and the relative colour difference of the scar region was measured concerning the nearby healthy area. The scar’s physical properties, such as the length and the surface area, were measured by processing the photographs in software. An evaluation of 100 cases showed that the relative color difference rate of 15% is critical for deciding the conspicuousness of permanent facial scar. Above this rate, the facial scar is visible by the naked eye without affecting any factors such as the physicians’ visual acuity, attention, and experience. Otherwise, the scar’s length and the surface area must also be evaluated for a correct decision about the conspicuousness of a permanent facial scar. Ali Gelir Aysegul S. Yilmaz Faruk Asicioglu Omer F. Kadi Kadir B. Yildirim Mustafa Okudan Kagan Gurpinar ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 23 29 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9012 Background: Violent asphyxial deaths are often dealt with during autopsy, and its magnitude is mentionable nowadays. Objective: To determine the frequency of cases of violent asphyxial death along with the determination of the socio-demographic variety of the victims. Study Design: It is a cross-sectional type of descriptive study. Place of Study: Department of Forensic Medicine of Sir Salimullah Medical College, Mitford, Dhaka, Bangladesh. Duration: The study was conducted from January 01, 2017, to December 31, 2019. Materials and Methods: A proforma was prepared where various data were tabulated, compiled and analyzed. Results: 1060 cases of violent asphyxial death were encountered out of 9410 medico-legal autopsies. Male (68.67%) predominance was evident. The age group of 20-29 years (44.15%) was principally affected. Maximum victims were from urban areas (61.03%). Victims were mainly married (56.6%) and unemployed (26.6%). The Muslim (81.32%) victims were mostly seen and lower class people (58.2%) were the prime victims. Hanging (65.84%) and drowning (27.64%) were chiefly encountered. Conclusion: The study reflects the magnitude of violent asphyxial death and a brief picture of the socio-demographic profile of the victims. Elias B. Akber Sohel Mahmud Mushtaq Ahmad Ashim K. Barua Israt Jahan ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 30 34 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9013 The controlling authority for medical education in India has finally taken the much-needed decision to increase the course duration of the subject Forensic Medicine 8 Toxicology (FMT). The subject has been now included in the 3rd Professional MBBS (Part 1), thus increasing the course duration by nearly one year. There is now also a provision for 15 days of elective internship posting in the subject. However, these 15 days of training are often not optimally utilised as there is a lack of clear-cut guidelines. The MCI/NMC curriculum is vague and too much open for interpretation in this regard.1 So a standard curriculum that can easily be followed in all Medical Colleges of India is much necessary to ensure a uniform standard of training. Partha S. Bhattacharyya ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 35 36 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9014 In forensic medicine, there can be times when the dilemma of having to choose between harvesting organs from cadaveric donors versus the need to complete the forensic analysis to savor the equally important forensic outcomes becomes tricky as well cul de sac of one on another. The deliberation of the seemingly practical junction is of academic value and ethical considerations that need to be dissected upon. As such, the impacts of forensic outcomes on cadaveric organ donations in Malaysia through the lenses of (i) academic benefits of forensic outcomes, (ii) ethically justified considerations of the dilemma, and (iii) available data helpful in navigating through the two competing needs. Inah Ja. Abd Jalil Mohd Azran Hafiz bin Ahmad Nur Azah Mohd Isa Shafi Mohd Nizamani Mohammed Nasimul Islam ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 37 43 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9015 Caring for victims of violence includes obtaining history, examining and collecting evidentiary matter, and providing expert testimony in the court of law. In this paper, the researcher shared her own experiences as a forensic nurse on how being compassionate and listening to the stories of victims of violence and witnessing the sustained injuries led to some emotional stress which is referred to in the literature as vicarious trauma. Working every day with victims led to an altered worldview that impacted the researcher’s psychological, physiological, and social being. A qualitative autoethnographic approach was explored to describe the researcher’s experiences working with victims of sexual assault in a designated center within a public hospital. Personal narratives were used as a data collection method and thematic approach to analyze and describe the experiences. Although the researcher acknowledges that not every forensic nurse may suffer symptoms resulting from vicarious trauma, the shared experiences may add value to individuals who have an interest in enrolling for a clinical forensic nursing course in becoming conversant with the concept, to think of ways to handle vicarious trauma and seek interventions on time. Moreover, organizational managers may know the ordeal, forensic nurses’ experience and provide the necessary support. Sebaeng Jeanette M ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2021-12-25 2021-12-25 7 02 44 46 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9016 Even though the world is not recovering completely from this devastating Covid 19 pandemic, another fear of newly identified SARS-CoV-2 lineage B.1.1.529 named “Omicron” emerges. O. Gambhir Singh ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 47 47 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/IJETV/article/view/9017 Reinventing Crimes Fear Spaces and Crime Hotspots is a beautifully written book about the research on the geographical and social factors of crime in Ludhiana, one of Punjab’s biggest metropolitan cities. This book has focussed on two types of crimes i.e. crimes against the person and crimes related to property. R. K. Gorea ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2022-01-20 2022-01-20 7 02 48 48