INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL EDUCATION AND RESEARCH

STANDARDIZATION OF SNOW MOUNTAIN GARLIC

Payal kesharwani, Rahul kaushik, Kanika Sharma, Kartik Khetrapal, Tanya Goyal — Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Snow mountain garlic (SMG) is also known as Kashmiri garlic and ek pothi lahsun is herb which grows in high altitude and in low temperature conditions. It has shown beneficial effects in breathing discomforts like common cold, Asthma, flu also refines the blood circulation Various standardization parameters have been recorded in this study. Objectives: The present study focuses on standardization of SMG. Materials and Methods: The standardization parameter follow WHO Guidelines of herbal drugs. Standardization parameter like macroscopic characters, extractive value (hot extraction), ash value (total ash, acid insoluble ash and water-soluble ash), bitterness value, swelling Index, phytochemical screening have been studied. Results: The pharmacognostic studies shows that SMG is semi obtuse in shape and have pale brown outer covering and inner colour is white with little sticky latex. It has characteristic odour and slight astringent taste. The physiochemical analysis shows different extractive values in solvents, with maximum extractives obtained in hydro alcohol (45%). total ash value observed was 1.038%, acid insoluble ash 0%, water soluble ash 0.16%, bitterness value of 0.030mg/ml, swelling index of 1.06 and foaming index was found to be less than 100. Conclusion: The Standardization of snow mountain garlic was performed and the data obtained can be further utilized for establishing the identity and purity of the drug.

Key Words: Snow mountain garlic, Kashmiri garlic, Standardization parameter, Physiochemical analysis, Phytochemical evaluation

INTRODUCTION AND MYTH BUSTERS OF COVID -19

Prashant chauhan — Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 +0200

COVID-19 also known as SARS-CoV-2 is the virus that attacks the respiratory system of a person. The first case in humans of this virus was reported in Wuhan city, China, in December 2019. It was believed that the virus came from the food market of the China. Also it was linked with the bats. A variety of studies are currently underway or are being carried out to better understand the cause of the outbreak in China , including human case investigations with an onset of symptoms in and around Wuhan in late 2019, Sampling from markets and farms in areas where the first human cases have been reported and detailed records of the source and type of species of wildlife and agricultural animals sold on these markets. Vaccine have developed by few countries like Russia, United Kingdom, USA, India. But there are no claim of 100% result of it so we have to take all the protective measures to protect us from the COVID-19 and don’t trust the myths that are being spread everywhere out there.

STANDARDIZATION AND TOXICOLOGICAL STUDIES OF THE LEAF OF SENNA SIAMEA IRWIN & BARNEBY (FABACEAE) COLLECTED FROM AGULU IN AWKA SOUTH OF ANAMBRA STATE

Chinasa Charity Ezea — Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Pharmacognostic standards and toxicological studies of the leaf of S. siamea were carried out. Objectives: To determine the quantitative phytochemical constituents present, pharmacognostic standards and toxicological effect of the methanol leaf extract and fractions of S. siamea. Methodology: Fresh leaves of S. siamea were collected, dried, pulverizes to powder and subjected to pharmacognostic and quantitative phytochemical analysis. The pulverized leaves were cold macerated in methanol for three days with intermittent shaking and exchange of fresh solvent every 24 hrs (aliquot extraction). Fractionation was done using n-hexane, ethylacetate and butanol. Chromatographic analysis of the methanol extract and fractions were obtained using standard methods. The methanol extract and fractions where screened for phytochemical constituents and toxicological effects using standard methods. Acute toxicity (LD₅₀) of the extract was determined using Lorke’s method. Results: Macroscopic and microscopic examinatios revealed acute apex, pinnate veination and diacytic stomata, trichomes respectively. Phytochemical screening of the extract and fractions revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, saponins, tannins etc. Proximate analysis of S. siamea revealed moisture content of 5.50 %, total ash value of 15.00 %, water soluble ash of 2.00 % etc. The LD₅₀ was found to be > 5000 mg/kg. Increase in ALT, AST and ALP when metanol extract and fractions were administered were not statistically different from the control group, indicating no hepatotoxic potential. Increase in PCV, Hb and RBC when metanol extract and fractions were administered were not statistically different from control group. The non-significant decrease in the levels of ALP, ALT and AST indicates that the extract has possible hepatoprotective effect. The non-significant decrease in the levels of RBC, Hb and PCV indicates that the extract does not affect the heamatopoietic system when administered orally and at the doses used in the study. Conclusions: Specific standards obtained from the study may be compiled into a monograph of S.siemea plant that may constitute in herbal pharmacopoeia.

RECENT ADVANCEMENT ON ISOLATION, ACTIVATION AND CRYOPRESERVATION OF LYMPH NODE CELLS IN MICE.

Seema Gupta, Madhuri Grover, Vasundhara Saxena — Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 +0200

ABSTRACT

Lymph nodes are found within the body has B, T and other immune cells and help to filter and trap foreign particles. Like any other primary culture lymph node culture would retain many of differentiated characteristics of cells in vivo thus they have potential for acting as alternative method to mammalian model.

For setting up primary lymph node culture in mice different types of lymph nodes were collected from mice followed with isolation, activation and cryopreservation of cells from lymph node. The present review emphasize on various procedures used for isolation, activation and cryopreservation of lymph node cells. Isolation of cells was performed by collagenase digestion, teasing apart of lymph node using dissecting needle or lymph nodes were disrupted between two frosted slides. Concanavalin A have been widely used to stimulate mice lymph node cells. Low dose of Con A have stimulatory effect on T cells but high dose have inhibitory action and caused suppression of proliferation of T cell. Balb/c mice and C57Bl/6 mice were used for different dose of Con A. The addition of cryoprotective agents, e.g.dimethylsulphoxide and careful control of cooling rates affords protection from cell damage during freezing.

THE DRUG RESISTANCE IN MICROORGANISM: A REVIEW REPORT

vasundhara saxena, upendra yadav, seema gupta — Fri, 28 May 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Multiple antibiotic resistance in bacteria was at first thought to be caused exclusively by the combination of several resistance genes, each coding for resistance to a single drug. More recently, it became clear that such phenotypes are often achieved by the activity of drug efflux pumps. Some of these efflux pumps exhibit an extremely wide specificity covering practically all antibiotics, chemotherapeutic agents, detergents, dyes, and other inhibitors, the exception perhaps being very hydrophilic compounds. Such efflux pumps work with exceptional efficiency in Gram-negative bacteria through their synergistic interaction with the outer membrane barrier. It is disturbing that the antibacterial agents of the most advanced type, which are unaffected by common resistance mechanisms, are the compounds whose use appears to select for multidrug-resistant mutants that overproduce these efflux pumps of wide specificity.

Since the introduction of antibiotics, bacteria have not only evolved elegant resistance mechanisms to thwart their effect, but have also evolved ways in which to disseminate themselves or their resistance genes to other susceptible bacteria. During the past few years, research has revealed not only how such resistance mechanisms have been able to evolve and to rapidly disseminate, but also how bacteria have, in some cases, been able to adapt to this new burden of resistance with little or no cost to their fitness. Such adaptations make the control of these superbugs all the more difficult.