JOURNAL OF APPLIED PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES AND RESEARCH

AN INVESTIGATION ON THE DETECTION OF HUMAN LEUCOCYTE ANTIGEN HLA CLASS I LOCI (A, B, C) AND CLASS II LOCI (DR, DQ) ALLELE FREQUENCY IN NEPALESE POPULATION BY NEXT GENERATION SEQUENCING

Smita Shrestha, Dr. Manish Maurya, Dr. Krishna Das Manandhar — Fri, 09 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Introduction:Human Leucocyte antigen (HLA) has offered tremendous contribution to the human population by providing definite and undeniable facts of immense magnitude in relation to human genetics, in disease dynamics and also in transfusion and transplantation.

Materials and Methods: Blood samples of 90 unrelated healthy population residing in kathmandu, a central region of Nepal werecollected .DNA was extracted from the blood samples and the allele frequency for HLA class I loci(HLA –A,-B,-C,) and II loci (DRB1 and DRQ1) was studied byion torrent Next Generation Sequencing platform using GenDxNGSgo^Rworkflow.Further,the comparison between the most frequently detected HLA alleles in Nepalese population with population of neighboring countries were also done.

Results: A total of 10 HLA *A alleles, 18 HLA*B allels,11 HLA*C alleles,11 HLA*DRB1 and 4 HLA*DQB1 were detected. The most common alleles detected were HLA A*01(16.67%), A *33(31.67%),HLA B*35(13.33%) B*44(11.67%) HLA C* 04(16.67%),C*07(23.33%),C*15(16.67%).HLA - DR*07(16.67%) ,DR*15(25.0%) HLA-DQ *05(38.33%) respectively. Comparison with population of the neighboring countries and Caucasian population revealed that these common alleles were also present in high frequency in North Indian Hindus and in some frequencies with Mongolian and Caucasian population but not with the Chinese population.

Discussion: We believe that this data is the first report of HLA class I loci(HLA A,B,C) and II loci (DR*B1 and DQ*B1) in healthy population from Nepal and this will provide useful information withdiverse applications in Nepal.

KNOWLEDGE ATTITUDE AND PERCEPTION ABOUT CONTRACEPTIVES IN FEMALES: A QUANTITATIVE INSIGHT

Sagarika Majhi, Muskan Sharma, Pooja Tomar, Pallavi Sharma, Dr. Lubhan Singh — Fri, 09 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Introduction: In India, the risk of unintended pregnancies and unsafe abortions remains high due to relatively low contraceptive use. There is deficiency of data on knowledge, attitudes, perceptions and practices towards modern contraceptives, sexual and reproductive health especially among the young female students.

Methods and Materials: A survey was conducted onfemales of Meerut region, Uttar Pradesh during February 2019-May 2019. Questionnaire was prepared including knowledge, attitude and perception-based questions and data was collected from females who provided data on socio-demographic characteristics, knowledge, perceptions, attitudes and use of contraceptives, as well as other sexual and reproductive health practices.

Results and Discussion: A total of 83 females responded to the survey; median (IQR) age was 20-25 years, 51.8% in firstyear of study, and nearly three quarters (79.5%) were of Hindu’s faith. Knowledge of any contraceptives was almost universal (99.6 %) but only 22.8 % knew about tubal ligation. In terms of natural methods of contraception known, only (43.3%) were aware about the withdrawal and calendar method of contraception while (33.7%) has knowledge of Lactational amenorrhea method. 68.6%reported lack of knowledge for not using contraception.Overall, 20.4 % reported current contraceptive use, with male condoms being the commonest methods. Overall, 61.4% reported pressure by partner was the reason for the unwanted pregnancy18% ever being pregnant. About 9.63 % of ever pregnant respondents reported ever trying to terminate the pregnancy.

SYNTHESIS AND CHARACTERIZATION OF 4- AMINO-3, 5- DIBROMO- TOLUENE FROM P-TOLUIDINE

Manpreet Kaur, Charan Kamal Saini, Amandeep Kaur — Fri, 09 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Introduction: O-toluidine is an organic compound with the chemical formula CH₃C₆H₄NH₂. It is the most important of the three isomer toluidines. It is a colorless liquid although commercial samples are often yellowish. It is a precursor to the herbicides metolachlor and acetochlor. Toluene, formally known as toluol, is a clear, water-insoluble liquid with the typical smell of paint thinners. Materials and Methods: Chemically it is a mono-substituted benzene derivative that is one in which a single hydrogen atom from the benzene molecule has been replaced by a univalent group, in this case, CH₃. Toluene reacts as a normal aromatic hydrocarbon towards electrophilic aromatic substitution. Then the mixture is filtered with the help of the filtration method and the product is further dried in a hot air oven and 4- Amino-3, 5- dibromo-toluene is formed as a brominated product. The organic layer was separated and washed once with brine and dried over sodium sulphate to give 4-bromop-toluidine in 98.7% purity. Results and Discussion: The methyl group makes it around 25 times more reactive than benzene in such reactions. The concentrated product’s melting point was 50-52°C. Conclusion: In the face of demands for sustainable and ecologically friendly organic synthesis, clean organic reaction processes which do not use harmful organic solvents are encouraged and are in great demand today.

EPIDEMIOLOGIC STUDY OF ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTANTS AND ITS RELATIONSHIP WITH ALLERGIC RHINITIS IN PAKTIA AND KABUL, AFGHANISTAN

Mangal Mohammad Khan, Mohammad Rahman Siddiqui — Fri, 09 Jul 2021 00:00:00 +0200

Background: Allergic rhinitis has reached epidemic proportions worldwide and is associated with an increased risk of Sinusitis and Common cold diseases. Hygienic and clean environmental Condition-based lifestyle interventions have been shown to prevent progression to Allergic Rhinitis in patients at high risk. The treatment and prevention of this disease have important characteristics such as long-term treatment course, Regular cleanliness of environment from pollutants substantially difficult financially, the behavior of our society and also takes a lot of money epidemiology of Environmental pollutants in Afghanistan is largely out of from prevention and treatment.

Objective: The aim of this study was the epidemiologic study of Environmental Pollutants express relations with Allergic Rhinitis in adult clients of Paktia city regional hospital and Jamhuriat National Specialized hospital in Kabul city of Afghanistan.

Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study was performed in adult patients with allergic rhinitis who were referred to these two hospitals in Paktia regional hospital and the Jumhoriat National Specialized hospital from august 2019 to august 2020. All patients who were referred during this period of time were 221 patients with a final diagnosis of allergic rhinitis due to Couse of environmental pollutants were included in the study. After collecting and encoding important information’s about this phenomenon, we entered it into the computer and analyzed it.

Results: According to the findings of this study the prevalence of A.R in male were 75.56% in female were 24.44%, current findings showed 48.7%of all patients involved induce with E.P, A.R disease, especially result as air pollutions 58%, dust 23%.

Conclusions: The study showed the A.R higher in the male than in the female population, and the highest incidence of A.R, as a result, was causing by E.P, because of poor climate, an impossible lifestyle environment, low-quality health services conditions in Afghanistan may contribute to higher morbidity.