https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR <p><strong>Journal of Advanced Scientific Research (ISSN: 0976-9595) is a peer-reviewed online journal, published quarterly. This Journal publishes original research work, reviews, and short communications that contributes significantly to further the scientific knowledge in the subject areas of Pharmaceutical Research, Chemistry, Chemical Technology, Biochemistry, Microbiology, Biotechnology, Agrochemistry, and applied Biosciences to all the destinations for faster connectivity to respective research, taking due care of speed and pace of knowledge generation.</strong></p> SCIENSAGE en-US Journal of Advanced Scientific Research 0976-9595 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9780 The biomarkers like creatinine and urea are most commonly useful for assessment of Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) as well as susceptible diabetic and hypertensive patients. Blood collection is the invasive procedure, causing nervousness and distress to the patients whereas saliva collection is a noninvasive, simplest and cost effective procedure. Therefore, the main aim of the study was to assess and correlate salivary and serum urea and creatinine levels in CKD, diabetics and hypertensive patients and control group. This study consisted of total 60 patients involving 20 CKD, 20 diabetics, 20 hypertensive patients and 20 healthy controls. Ethical approval was taken from the institutional Human Research Ethics Committee. Saliva and blood samples were collected by standard procedure, then urea and creatinine levels were measured on automated biochemistry analyzer. Correlation between serum and salivary creatinine and urea was obtained in controls and patients using Pearson correlation coefficient in SPSS (version 15). Serum and salivary creatinine and urea levels were significantly higher in CKD patients followed by diabetics then hypertensive patients as compared to control group. Our findings suggest that analysis of salivary urea and creatinine in patients reflects their levels in blood. Thus, salivary urea and creatinine can be used noninvasively as diagnostic biomarkers in CKD, diabetics and hypertensive patients. Sulabhsinh G Solanki Vibhuti Patel ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 46 50 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9781 Smoking is a major risk factor for diabetes mellitus, mainly due to decreased insulin secretion and increased insulin resistance (IR). The various complications associated with IR are cardiovascular disease (CVD), metabolic syndrome (MetS), diabetes, stroke and endothelial dysfunction. The IR prevalence in young adults and its relation to smoking is not clearly demonstrated. So, this study was planned to estimate the effects of smoking on IR. This study comprised 40 young adults who smoked minimum 6 beedis/cigarettes daily and 25 age matched control subjects. Blood samples were collected in plain bulb and biochemical analyses like fasting blood glucose (FBG), lipid profile, fasting insulin were done and then Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance was used to find out IR. Smokers has significantly higher level of fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, total cholesterol, triglycerides, LDL-C, HOMA-IR index and lower level of HDL-C as compared to non-smokers. A significant association was noted between the smoking status, including both the numbers of cigarettes/beedis smoke per day and fasting insulin level as well as for HOMA-IR index. Smokers have a high risk of developing an insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia as compared with a matched group of non-smokers. This may help to explain the high risk of cardiovascular disease in smokers. Sulabhsinh G Solanki Nikhil Patel Sanjay Patel Avinash Vasava ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 51 55 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9782 Periodontitis is the major oral disease after dental caries observes predominantly in developing countries like India. Severe inflammation of the periodontal ligament along with destruction of alveolar bones and teeth supporting tissue are the major complications associated with it. The central part of periodontal treatment is to restrict the progression of disease along with restoration of damaged tissues. Guided Tissue Regeneration (GTR) membrane has been shown to be a potential treatment practice for tissue restoration. However, microbial contamination on GTR membrane is a major risk associated with treatment using GTR membrane. Increasing antibiotic resistance is another major concern associated with infection control. Thus, the current study was designed to enhance treatment efficacy of GTR membrane by coating of natural antibacterial agent (neem extract) onto GTR membrane. Previously collected sample of a chronic periodontitis patient was used for the isolation of periodontal pathogens. Out of total 25 bacterial isolates, CDK-10 and CDK-23 showed highest resistance to ciprofloxacin were consider for further studies. The 16S rRNA ribotyping identifies strains CDK-10 and CDK-23 as Neisseria sp. and Micrococcus sp. respectively. Results showed that 50mg/ml Neem extract was capable to inhibit the complete growth of selected bacterial isolates. Suggesting, the sterile conditions in the periodontal pockets after phase-I therapy of Periodontitis can be maintained by coating GTR membrane with Neem extract. Chandrakantbhai Ramsinhbhai Damor Dhara Dipakkumar Ramsinhbhai Riya Manishkumar Chauhan Ravina Sanjaybhai Pithadiya Devang Bharatkumar Khambholja ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 56 61 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9783 From the ancient time, urine is been used as an important fluid for determination of various disorders. Recently, it was found that presence of certain metabolites in the urine can help in prediction of fatal disease like cancer. These molecules can be determined by noninvasive and cost-effective methods. Current modern analytical development has enabled us to effectively measure such metabolites for earlier and deeper understanding of various cancers. In the year 2006, the very first study using NMR and mass spectrometry (MS) was done for this and since then various analytical techniques have been used for determination of various cancers biomarkers in early stage present in the urine. Till date various tumor markers associated with breast, ovary, liver, gastrointestinal tract, lung, pancreas, bone and blood were successfully identified by using these methods. Here, a review is done for the major biomarkers associated with predominant cancers like breast, lung and prostate cancer. Hardik R Gohe Kajal A Sadhu Muskan R Vahora Vrusti P Patel Trupti R Vyas ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 01 04 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9784 Human DNA has 6 million nucleotides packaged into 2 sets of Chromosomes. Mutations can change the sequence of nucleotides. Mutations can be defined as any change in the DNA sequence of a cell. Mutations may be caused by exposure of DNA to DNA damaging agents in the environment like ultraviolet rays, chemical carcinogens (eg: aflatoxin) etc., or by mistakes during cell divisions. COPY - NUMBER VARIATIONS (CNVs) are alterations of a genome that results in the cell having an abnormal number of copies of one or more sections of the DNA. The molecular - cytogenetic method for the analysis of copy number changes in the DNA content of a given subject’s DNA and often in tumor cells is known as comparative genomic hybridization. Comparative genomic hybridisation is used for studying chromosomal changes in cancer. In human pathology, analysis of genetic abnormalities which causes tumours and cancers is increasingly important. Many techniques are available to fulfill this purpose such as DNA cytometry, tumor cytogenetics, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) and microsatellite assay. But all these techniques have certain advantages and disadvantages. They may be sometime expensive (DNA cytometry) and more laborious. So, the scientists developed a molecular cytogenetic technique called comparative genomic hybridization. Richa R Das S Gajalakshmi Natarajan Shreni S Agrawal Indrani P Bhattacharya ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 05 11 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9785 Ovarian carcinoma is the leading reason behind death from gynaecologic malignancies, which could be a direct outcome of missing its diagnosis at an early stage. Nanotechnology has great promise in addressing existing problems to boost the diagnosis and therapy of Ovarian Cancer. Nanocarriers are multifunctional as several varieties of molecules are often loaded onto them through physical adsorption or chemical conjugations including drugs, imaging agents, targeting moieties like ligands or Antibodies. Present research for earlier detection of Ovarian Cancer focuses on identifying Ovarian Cancer biomarkers through developing a profile of aberrantly expressed molecules and by enhancing imaging techniques. This early detection will ultimately lead to a stronger prognosis and an increased survival rate. Also, Nanotechnology can improve screening for ovarian Cancer by fabricating lab-on-a-chip microfluidic devices for immuno-screening. Overall, the incorporation of nanotechnology into existing detection methods of Ovarian cancer demonstrates great promise in detecting the disease at an earlier stage. With the arrival of nanotechnology, it'll be possible to detect the previously undetectable concentrations of Ovarian Cancer biomarkers and visualize Ovarian Cancer cells in real-time. Manoj Kumar Baghel Poonam Deore Bhargavi Patel Esha Rami ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 12 19 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9786 Pompe disease (OMIM 232300) is also known as Glycogen storage disease or acid maltase deficiency. It is a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal disorder of glycogen metabolism with an estimated prevalence of 1 in 40000 in Caucasians. It is caused by the deficient activity of acid α-glucosidase enzyme (E.C 3.2.1.20) due to mutation in the GAA gene. The enzymatic deficiency leads to the accumulation of glycogen within the lysosomes in multiple tissues, including cardiac, skeletal and smooth muscle cells. Clinically, the disease has been classically classified in infantile and childhood/adult forms. The clinical features are cardiomyopathy and generalized muscle weakness that rapidly progress to death from cardiorespiratory failure in the first year of life. The GAA gene has been localized to chromosomes 17q25.2-q25.3 and to date, 582 mutations distributed throughout the whole gene in HGMD. All types of mutation have been described and among that missense mutation are the most frequent followed by deletions. Indeed, there are missense, small deletions, in frame, splicing variants, nonsense, small insertions/duplications, gross insertions/deletions, small indels and complex rearrangements. The mutations known to cause severe disease were coding mutation, c.2560C>T (p. Arg854X), and the splice acceptor site, c.1327-2 A>G. The splice site mutation c.1327-2A>G is very common in the patients of Caucasian origin with the frequency ranging from 40% to 70%. This disease can be treated by enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and currently there is one approved drug available for its treatment: ERT with intravenous infusion of rhGAA (Myozyme, Lumizyme). Early diagnosis and ERT can benefit infants with this disease. This diagnostic test can facilitate prenatal diagnosis and help in identifying carriers in families with the identified mutations. Chitra J Patel Garvi N Patel Janvi D Soni ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 20 26 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9787 Cancer can be defined as uncontrolled cell proliferation, with loss of apoptosis causing tissue invasion, metastasis and angiogenesis. Among the various cancers, lung cancer and breast cancer are the most common dominant cause for death in India. It was observed that out of 40,000 cases of lung cancer, 80% patient die within one year of detection of disease and only 5% survive for more than 5 years. Breast cancer is one of the most fatal cancers in the women especially middle aged and ranked one among Indians female. It has shown the highest mortality rate of 12.7 per 100,000 women. If specific biomarkers are identify for lung and breast cancer at its early stage then it will be very helpful in treatment of cancer. Predictive markers like HER2, BRCA1, CEA, CA-125, CA 15-3 are such markers with high accuracy, present in human plasma samples. It was observed that over 2/3 of cancer diagnosed at late stage the survival ratio is decreased is less than 5 years. Therefore, the core purpose of this review is to identify such markers useful for detection of lung and breast cancer and to study them in detail. Hardik R Gohel Jagruti S Rathva Krishna D Pandya Vashundhara R Hada Alpesh D Sankhala ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 27 30 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9788 Lesch-Nyhan syndrome is a condition characterized by neurological and behavioral abnormalities and the overproduction of uric acid in the body. According to one estimate, the disorder occurs at a rate of approximately 1 in 400,000 births in the world. It occurs almost exclusively in males due to being an X-linked recessive disorder. Excess uric acid production and Neurological disorders with characteristic self-mutilating behaviors are major symptoms of LNS. LNS is a rare inborn error of purine metabolism characterized by the absence or deficiency of the activity of the enzyme hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT), Mutations in the HPRT1 gene cause LNS. Treatment for LNS is symptomatic, Gout treated with allopurinol; Kidney stones with lithotripsy; No standard treatment for the neurological symptoms of LNS. Esha Rami Nishchay Bhatt Nisha Wadhwani Anushka Sharma ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 31 37 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9789 β-thalassemia is the most prevalent single gene disorder in India. The thalassemia is a heterogeneous group of genetic disorders characterized by decreased or absent production of one or more globin chain that make hemoglobin molecule. β- globin gene is responsible for β- thalassemia. It is caused by the mutation in the HBB gene located on chromosome 11. It is inherited in an autosomal recessive manner. The common symptoms of the diseases are growth retardation, pallor, jaundice, poor musculature, hepatosplenomegaly, leg ulcers and extramedullary hematopoiesis. The amplification refractory mutation system – polymerase chain reaction (ARMS-PCR) technique was used for molecular diagnosis of β- thalassemia mutations. The five common mutations IVS 1-5 G → C, IVS 1-1 G → T, codon 41/42 (-TCTT), codon 8/9 and the 619 bp deletion account for approximately 90% of the mutations in β-thalassemia patients. Among this mutation, IVS 1-5 is the commonest and its prevalence varies from 22.2 to 81.4% in different regions of India, being the highest in Tamilnadu in South-eastern India. In North-Western part of India, 619 bp deletion is the most common mutation found in Sindhis and Lohanas community. β- thalassemia has improved substantially in the last 20 years following recent medical advance in transfusion, iron chelation and bone marrow transplantation therapy. This study would help in molecular screening and in prenatal diagnosis by direct detection of mutation in β-globin gene along with genotype-phenotype correlation. This will also help in carrier testing for relatives at risk and in providing genetic counseling to the affected individual. Chitra J Patel Balusani Priyanka P Jadav Bhavna J Marathe ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 38 45 https://myresearchjournals.com/index.php/JASR/article/view/9790 In Dengue fever thrombocytopenia is a major complication in all age groups. Treatment of dengue fever primarily includes symptomatic and intensive supportive care. Platelet transfusion is the only treatment and it is indicated only in severe cases. Carica papaya leaf extract (CPLE) are believed to have some role in increasing platelet counts hence this study was planned to evaluate the role of CPLE in improving dengue thrombocytopenia. Total 100 patients with dengue fever and thrombocytopenia matching inclusion criteria were included in the study. Control group consist of 50 age matched dengue patients. The patients were given CPLE (10 ml three times/ day) along with kiwi fruit without any other treatment. All the subjects were followed up and on the third day platelet and total WBC counts were estimated then results were compared with previous findings. Paired t-test in SPSS (version 15) was used to compare the mean values of the parameters in the study group before and after giving CPLE. The mean platelet count of study group before giving CPLE was 212210±72257 cells/cumm and it was significantly increased to 275282±78969 cells/cumm (p-value = 0.000). The mean WBC count was also increased in study group after giving CPLE as compared to control group. In conclusion, increased platelet count and WBC count were noted in the patients after giving CPLE as compared to control group. Reduction in muscle pain and skin rashes was observed in patients after giving kiwi fruits. Sulabhsinh G Solanki Priya Trivedi ##submission.copyrightStatement## http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0 2020-04-30 2020-04-30 11 Suppl 04 62 65