A Comprehensive Study of Respiratory Pathogen Shifts in Response to the COVID-19 Pandemic: Insights from a Tertiary Level Hospital in Bangladesh

Abstract

Introduction: Respiratory tract infections (RTIs) are a global health concern, with lower respiratory infections (LRIs) causing millions of deaths annually. The COVID-19 pandemic, caused by SARS-CoV-2, led to unprecedented public health measures, including lockdowns and vaccination campaigns, which have influenced the landscape of respiratory infections. This study aims to investigate the impact of COVID-19, its mitigation strategies and vaccination status on the prevalence and distribution of bacterial pathogens causing RTIs in a Bangladeshi hospital. Methods: Respiratory samples were collected from 100 patients with RTI symptoms in a teaching hospital in Bangladesh from December 2022 to May 2023. Bacterial cultures were performed, and antibiotic susceptibility testing was conducted. Patient data, including age, gender, comorbidities, and vaccination status, were analyzed statistically. Results: Among the participants, 96% exhibited bacterial growth in respiratory samples. Klebsiella pneumoniae was the most prevalent pathogen (63.2%), followed by Streptococcus spp. (12.2%) and Staphylococcus aureus (10.2%). The prevalence of these pathogens varied by age groups, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being prominent in the 50-69 age range. COVID-19 vaccination status significantly influenced the distribution of bacterial species, with fully vaccinated individuals having higher rates of certain infections, such as Klebsiella pneumoniae and Streptococcus spp. Comorbidities were also associated with variations in bacterial infections. Discussion: This study reveals a high prevalence of bacterial pathogens in post-COVID-19 RTIs, with Klebsiella pneumoniae being the predominant species. The findings suggest that COVID-19 vaccination status plays a crucial role in shaping the spectrum of bacterial infections, with fully vaccinated individuals showing a higher prevalence of specific pathogens. Comorbidities also influence the type and frequency of bacterial infections. These results align with previous studies and underscore the need for continued monitoring and research in the ever-evolving landscape of infectious diseases. Conclusion: The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to the patterns of respiratory infections. Understanding the impact of COVID-19 and vaccination status on respiratory pathogens is vital for healthcare providers and policymakers. This study emphasizes the importance of ongoing research and vigilance in addressing the evolving challenges of infectious diseases in the post-COVID-19 era. It highlights the interconnectedness of vaccination, immunity, and susceptibility to bacterial infections, providing critical insights for public health strategies