An update on Zika Virus Infection: Review Article

Neelam Gulati; Sohini Walia; Varsha Gupta; Varsha Gupta; Isha Dhawan; Preeti Chaudhary

doi:10.46798/ijam.2023.v25i01.1

Neelam Gulati Associate professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh. (India)
Sohini Walia Research Scientist (Non Med) VRDL, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh. (India)
Varsha Gupta Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32Chandigarh. (India)
Varsha Gupta Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32Chandigarh. (India)
Isha Dhawan Assistant professor, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32Chandigarh. (India)
Preeti Chaudhary Research Scientist (Med) VRDL, Department of Microbiology, Government Medical College and Hospital, Sector 32, Chandigarh. (India)

DOI: https://doi.org/10.46798/ijam.2023.v25i01.1

Keywords: History, Clinical Manifestations, Microcephaly, Vaccine development

Abstract

Zika virus (ZIKV) is an emerging arbovirus which is endemic in several countries. ZIKV was
previously reported to cause sporadic infections with subclinical or mild illness until 2015 when
ZIKV spread throughout the America. Although first human case of ZIKV was detected in 1954,
it has recently gained attention due to its association with several neurological defects in
newborns if the mother is infected with ZIKV during pregnancy. The Zika virus is primarily
transmitted through the bite of an infected mosquito. But in recent times, there are evidence of
non-vector transmission such as sexual transmission, mother to fetus transmission (Vertical
transmission), blood transfusion, and infectious urine transmission. Till date, there is no antiviral
drug for treatment of Zika virus infection. The vaccines to prevent infection of Zika virus are still
under development.This review summarizes the history, ZIKV infection during pregnancy, modes
of transmission, clinical symptoms, vaccine development, and antiviral drug advancement

References

Lanciotti, R.S., Kosoy, O.L., Laven, J.J., Velez, J.O., Lambert, A.J. and Johnson, A.J., et al., 2008,
―enetic and serologic properties of Zika virus associated with an epidemic, Yap State, Micronesia,
2007‖, Emerg. Infect. Dis., 14 pp. 1232-1239.
2. Foy, B.D., Kobylinski, K.C., Chilson, Foy, J.L., Blitvich, B.J., Travassos da Rosa, A. and Haddow,
A.D., et al., 2011, ―Probable non-vector-borne transmission of Zika virus, Colorado, USA‖, Emerg.
Infect. Dis., 17 pp. 880-882.
3. Ayres, C.F., 2016, "Identification of Zika virus vectors and implications for control" The Lancet Infect.
Dis., 16 (3) pp. 278–279.
4. Reuters. Brazil reports Zika infection from blood transfusions. February 4, 2016
5. "CDC Zika: Transmission". Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. 15 April 2016
6. Rao, R., Gaw, S.L., Han, C.S., Platt, L.D. and Silverman N.S., 2017, ― Zika risk and pregnancy in
clinical practice: ongoing experience as the outbreak evolves‖, Obstet. Gynecol., 129 pp.1098–1103.
7. Dick, G.W., Kitchen, S.F. and Haddow, A.J., 1952, ―Zika virus. Isolations and serological specificity‖,
Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 46 pp. 509-520.
8. MacNamara, F.N., 1954, ― Zika virus: a report on three cases of human infection during an epidemic of
jaundice in Nigeria‖, Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 48 pp.139-145.
9. Haddow, A.D., Schuh, A.J. Yasuda, C.Y., Kasper, M.R., Heang, V. and HuyR, et al., 2012, ―Genetic
characterization of Zika virus strains: geographic expansion of the Asian lineage‖, PLoS. Negl. Trop.
Dis,.6 pp. e1477.
10. Kasprzykowski, J.I., Fukutani, K.F., Fabio, H., Fukutani, E.R., Costa, L.C. and Andrade, B.B., et al.,
2020, ―A Recursive Sub-Typing Screening Surveillance System Detects the Appearance of the ZIKV
African Lineage in Brazil: Is There a Risk of a New Epidemic?‖, Int. J. Infect. Dis., 96 pp. 579-581.
11. Olson, J.G. and Ksiazek, T.G., 1981, ―Zika virus, a cause of fever in Central Java, Indonesia‖, Trans. R.
Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg., 75 pp. 389-393.
12. Moore, D.L., Causey, O.R., Carey, D.E., Reddy, S. and Cooke, A.R., et al., 1975, ―Arthropod-borne
viral infections of man in Nigeria, 1964–1970‖, Ann. Trop. Med. Parasitol. 69 pp. 49-64.